Tofacitinib is an inhibitor of Janus kinases (JAK). This inhibition prevents the activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) which may decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, -7, -15, -21, interferon-alpha and -beta, and may prevent both the inflammatory response and the inflammation-induced damage caused by certain disease such as severe COVID-19.

FDA-approved since 2012, approved to treat rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ulcerative colitis

Tocilizumab inhibits IL-6-mediated signaling by competitively binding to both soluble and membrane-bound IL-6 receptors. IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is involved in diverse physiological processes such as T-cell activation, immunoglobulin secretion induction, hepatic acute-phase protein synthesis initiation, and hematopoietic precursor cell proliferation and differentiation stimulation. IL-6 is produced by various cell types, including T- and B-cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and fibroblasts.

It is used in Japan, South Korea, and China to treat asthma, keloid scars, and hypertrophic scars, and as an ophthalmic solution for allergic pink eye. It should not be taken by women who are or might become pregnant, and it is secreted in breast milk.

Противовирусное средство. Специфически подавляет in vitro вирусы гриппа А и В (Influenzavirus A, B), включая высокопатогенные подтипы A(H1N1)pdm09 и A(H5N1), а также другие вирусы - возбудители острых респираторных вирусных инфекций (ОРВИ) (коронавирус (Сoronavirus), ассоциированный с тяжелым острым респираторным синдромом (ТОРС), риновирус (Rhinovirus), аденовирус (Adenovirus), респираторносинцитиальный вирус (Pneumovirus) и вирус парагриппа (Paramyxovirus)). По механизму противовирусного действия относится к ингибиторам слияния (фузии), взаимодействует с гемагглютинином вируса и препятствует слиянию липидной оболочки вируса и клеточных мембран.

Favipiravir is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitor that inhibits viral RNA synthesis.

Зарегистрирован в РФ по ускоренной процедуре согласно Постановлению Правительства РФ от 3 апреля 2020 г. № 441.

It is derived from myriocin (ISP-1), a metabolite of the fungus Isaria sinclairii. It is a structural analogue of sphingosine and is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases in the cell (most importantly sphingosine kinase 2). The molecular biology of phospho-fingolimod is thought to lie in its activity at one of the five sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors, S1PR1. Phospho-fingolimod causes the internalization of S1P receptors, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from moving to the central nervous system and causing a relapse of multiple sclerosis.

Mechanisms may include inhibition of viral enzymes or processes such as viral DNA and RNA polymerase, viral protein glycosylation, virus assembly, new virus particle transport, and virus release. Other mechanisms may also involve ACE2 cellular receptor inhibition, acidification at the surface of the cell membrane inhibiting fusion of the virus, and immunomodulation of cytokine release.

Статус Emergency use authorization (EUA) FDA отозван 15 июня 2020 г.

Ebastine is an antihistamine and second-generation H1 receptor agonist. It thus provides relief from common allergy symptoms such as sneezing and nasal congestion.